The dealer shuffles the cards, the player on the chair to their right cuts, and the dealer deals the appropriate number of cards to the players one at a time, beginning with the player to their left. One or more players are usually required to make forced bets, usually either an ante or a blind bet (sometimes both). The cards are dealt clockwise around the poker table, one at a time. In a casino, a house dealer handles the cards for each hand, but the button (typically a white plastic disk) is rotated clockwise among the players to indicate a nominal dealer to determine the order of betting. In casual play, the right to deal a hand typically rotates among the players and is marked by a token called a dealer button (or buck). Today the game has grown to become an extremely popular pastime worldwide. The televising of poker was a particularly strong influence increasing the popularity of the game during the turn of the millennium, resulting in the poker boom a few years later between 20. Texas hold 'em and other community card games began to dominate the gambling scenes over the next couple of decades. It became a staple in many casinos following the second world war, and grew in popularity with the advent of the World Series of Poker in the 1970s. In contrast to this version of poker, seven-card stud only appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and was largely spread by the US military. The game was played with twenty cards ranking from Ace (high) to Ten (low). One early description of poker played on a steamboat in 1829 is recorded by the English actor, Joe Cowell. What is certain, however, is that poker was popularized in the American South in the early 19th century, as gambling riverboats in the Mississippi River and around New Orleans during the 1830s helped spread the game. Foster wrote that "the game of poker, as first played in the United States, five cards to each player from a twenty-card pack, is undoubtedly the Persian game of As-Nas." However, in the 1990s the notion that poker is a direct derivative of As-Nas began to be challenged by gaming historians including David Parlett. For example, in the 1937 edition of Foster's Complete Hoyle, R. While poker's exact origin is the subject of debate, many game scholars point to the French game Poque and the Persian game As-Nas as possible early inspirations. Poker has increased in popularity since the beginning of the 20th century and has gone from being primarily a recreational activity confined to small groups of enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants and spectators, including online, with many professional players and multimillion-dollar tournament prizes. Thus, while the outcome of any particular hand significantly involves chance, the long-run expectations of the players are determined by their actions chosen on the basis of probability, psychology, and game theory. With the exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has positive expected value or who is trying to bluff other players for various strategic reasons. If more than one player remains in contention after the final betting round, a showdown takes place where the hands are revealed, and the player with the winning hand takes the pot. If all but one player folds on any round, the remaining player collects the pot without being required to reveal their hand. The betting round ends when all players have either called the last bet or folded. A player who matches a bet may also "raise" (increase) the bet. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match (or "call") the maximum previous bet, or fold, losing the amount bet so far and all further involvement in the hand. In standard poker, each player bets according to the rank they believe their hand is worth as compared to the other players. In most modern poker games, the first round of betting begins with one or more of the players making some form of a forced bet (the blind or ante). Thus poker games vary in deck configuration, the number of cards in play, the number dealt face up or face down, and the number shared by all players, but all have rules that involve one or more rounds of betting. While the earliest known form of the game was played with just 20 cards, today it is usually played with a standard deck, although in countries where short packs are common, it may be played with 32, 40 or 48 cards. It is played worldwide, but in some places the rules may vary. Poker is a family of comparing card games in which players wager over which hand is best according to that specific game's rules.
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